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彝文

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彝文（彝語：Template:Yiii，nuosu bburma，Template:IPA-xx），又稱夷字、爨文、韙書、蝌蚪文、倮語、倮倮文、畢摩文等，是彝族用來記錄彝語的文字。不同地區的傳統彝文差異很大。目前已規範的現代彝文有「涼山規範彝文」和「雲南規範彝文」，前者經中華人民共和國國務院批准，使用較廣。

歷史

傳說中的彝文創造者是一個叫伯博耿的人，根據鳥獸足跡和事物的形象創造了彝文。彝文是由彝族的畢摩（又稱為貝耄，主持禮儀、祭司的人）代代相傳的，通過著作和家譜傳遞。經由對於丁公陶文與龍山文化的研究，中華人民共和國學者馮時認為，丁公陶文屬於古彝文系統[1]。

貴州省六枝特區的攔龍橋碑記約鐫於南宋末年，是今存世最早的彝文文獻。[2]雲南彝族撒尼人敘事長詩《阿詩瑪》，其原著就是用彝文寫的。

傳承到現代的傳統彝文分布於北部方言區、東部方言、南部方言區以及東南部方言的撒尼土語區和阿哲土語區。這些方言區的文字有一些相似之處，但又有大量不同。有一些彝字是借用或者改造漢字而得。《滇川黔桂彝文字集》分八卷收錄了87,000多個彝字[3]；而根據未來Unicode收錄的古彝文，共有88,591個彝字[4]。

1974年，四川省民委語文工作組和涼山州語文工作指導委員會對北部方言區的傳統彝文進行改造，擬定了《彝文規範方案》（草案）。這套涼山規範彝文在試行之後，於1980年經國務院批准推廣。目前在涼山州和雲南西北的小涼山通行。

1983年，雲南省彝文規範領導小組成立，在接下來的幾年中擬定了跨方言的《雲南規範彝文方案》，1987年經省政府批准試行。1995年雲南省進一步完善了該方案。

貴州於1991年出版了《簡明彝漢字典》（貴州本），對當地（屬於東部方言區）傳統彝文進行了整理，區分了正體字和異體字。

1980年，國務院批准四川省彝文規範方案後，彝文逐漸在涼山州內單位公章、政府部門牌匾上推廣。1993年，涼山州頒布實施了《涼山彝族自治州彝族語言文字工作條例》，規定州內一切機關、團體、學校和企事業單位的公章、牌匾，公共活動場所的牌匾，應當同時使用彝、漢兩種文字。2004年開始，涼山州開展大規模的社會用字整治，彝文的使用範圍也從政府機關拓展到公共場所和商店的店招店牌。[5]

為了方便不懂漢字的彝族群眾，以及出於營造異域風情，吸引遊客的需要，涼山州首府西昌政府要求當地公共場所的標牌加注彝文，雖然該地絕大多數彝族居民都通曉漢文。然而由於彝漢翻譯人才缺乏，許多招牌存在翻譯錯誤和彝文使用不規範的問題。[6]

1977年，四川省涼山州成立了由4名編譯人員組成的彝文教材編譯組，於1978年出版了第一本小學《彝語文》教材。之後編譯隊伍不斷擴大，發展成為涼山彝文教材編譯室。涼山彝文教材編譯室是四川省教育廳和涼山州教育局雙重領導的彝文教材編譯機構，擔負著四川省中小學各科彝文教材、教參和課外讀物的編譯任務。該室是中國「全國少數民族文字教材編譯基地」之一。截至2017年10月，該室已編譯出版幼兒、中小學和中師彝文各類教材、教輔、課外讀物等1048種。[7][8]

文字類型

File:Guancunba.jpg
關村壩站的站牌上的彝文

早期的彝文是表意文字，隨著時間的推移，大量的表音節符號被加入到彝文中，成為表意為主、表音為輔的意音結合的意音文字。目前通行的涼山規範彝文是完完全全的音節文字，而雲南規範彝文仍然是意音文字。

文字結構

File:Yiwen.jpg
用彝文書寫的書籍

老彝文分獨體字和合體字，合體字又分十餘種結構，常見的有：上下、左右、左中右、內外、上中下、左半包圍、右包半圍、上包半圍、下包半圍、上下左右、交叉等等，還有很多不能分類的結構。

老彝文在雲南、貴州、廣西地區一般是從左到右橫寫或縱寫，四川地區則從右往左橫寫或縱寫。新的規範彝文均為從左往右橫寫。

老彝文沒有標點符號，只有一些標題或書名號（帶花邊的方框）、句讀符號（。或△）、篇章或段落號（△頂加波紋符），規範彝文通用漢字標點符號。

涼山規範彝文

這種文字通行於北部方言區，包括四川涼山彝族自治州和雲南小涼山，是1970年代在當地傳統彝文的基礎上設計的音節文字。下表介紹涼山規範彝文和標準讀音的對應：行代表韻母、列代表聲母，起頭分別用拉丁字母轉寫和國際音標標出（以圖片檢視涼山規範彝文表）[9]。拉丁化彝文元音字尾的p、t、x的作用是標識聲調。

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yrx ɿ̱̌   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii     Template:Yiii             Template:Yiii Template:Yiii                 Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii
yr ɿ̱̄   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii     Template:Yiii             Template:Yiii Template:Yiii                 Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii   Template:Yiii Template:Yiii
韻母 IPA - p pʰ b m͡b m̥ m f v t tʰ d n͡d n̥ n ɬ l k kʰ ɡ ŋ͡ɡ h ŋ x ɣ t͡s t͡sʰ d͡z nd͡z s z t͡ʂ t͡ʂʰ d͡ʐ nd͡ʐ ʂ ʐ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ d͡ʑ nd͡ʑ ȵ ɕ ʑ
／ 聲母 - b p bb nb hm m f v d t dd nd hn n hl l g k gg mg hx ng h w z c zz nz s ss zh ch rr nr sh r j q jj nj ny x y

雲南規範彝文

雲南規範彝文有字2608個，其中表意字2258個，借詞表音字共350個。雲南民族出版社1994年出版了《雲南規範彝文漢文字詞對照》。這種文字目前沒有廣泛通行。

彝文拼音

聲母

字母表中表示聲母的拉丁字母對應的國際音標如下：

塞音

唇音：b [p], p [pʰ], bb [b], nb [m͡b], hm [m̥], m [m], f [f], v [v]
齒齦音：d [t], t [tʰ], dd [d], nd [n͡d], hn [n̥], n [n], hl [ɬ], l [l]
軟顎音：g [k], k [kʰ], gg [ɡ], mg [ŋ͡ɡ], hx [h], ng [ŋ], h [x], w [ɣ]

塞擦音

齒齦音：z [t͡s], c [t͡sʰ], zz [d͡z], nz [nd͡z], s [s], ss [z]
捲舌音：zh [t͡ʂ], ch [t͡ʂʰ], rr [d͡ʐ], nr [nd͡ʐ], sh [ʂ], r [ʐ]
硬顎音：j [t͡ɕ], q [t͡ɕʰ], jj [d͡ʑ], nj [nd͡ʑ], ny [nʲ], x [ɕ], y [ʑ]

韻母

韻母
拉丁轉寫 i ie a uo o e u ur y yr
國際音標 i ɛ a ɔ o ɯ u u̠ ɿ ɿ̱̠

聲調

字母表中，韻母無輔音字母結尾或以r結尾，表示讀中調，調值33（ā, a˧˧）；韻母以t結尾，表示讀高調，調值55（a̋, a˥˥）；韻母以p結尾，表示讀低調，調值21（ǎ, a˨˩）；韻母以x結尾，表示讀中升調，調值34（â, a˧˦）。

Unicode

Unicode在其3.0版本中正式收錄涼山規範彝文，其中彝文音節的編碼範圍為U+A000-U+A48C，共收錄1164個音節（帶變音符號的音節單獨編碼，不能分解為音節加組合變音符號）和一個音節迭代標記（碼位Template:Unichar，錯誤命名為 YI SYLLABLE WU)；彝文部首的編碼範圍為U+A490–U+A4CF，共收錄55個部首。

2007年，中國提交了雲南規範彝文的編碼提案[4]，共88,613個字符，但迄今未被Unicode收錄，也沒有預分配碼段。

Template:Unicode chart Yi Syllables Template:Unicode chart Yi Radicals

參考文獻

  1. ^ 馮時《古文字與古史新論》，台灣書房，2007年。
  2. ^ 中華文化通志編委會. 中华文化通志. 上海: 上海人民出版社. 2010年12月. 
  3. ^ 馬立三 陳英 (編). 滇川黔桂彝文字集. 昆明: 雲南民族出版社. 2004年6月. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 传统彝文编码提案（134MB） (PDF). 2007-02-15 [2012-01-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-02-15） （English）. 
  5. ^ 何勤華. 招牌上印彝文要按规矩来. 四川日報. 2012-02-23 [2018-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）. 
  6. ^ 聶鵬; 木乃熱哈. 西昌市彝文语言景观调查研究. 《語言文字應用》 (2017年第1期). [2018-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）. 
  7. ^ 涼山州外宣辦. 凉山:彝文教材编译工作硕果累累. 彝學研究網. 2007-08-27 [2018-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）. 
  8. ^ 涼山政府網. 四川省彝文教材编译学术交流会在我州举行. 快資訊. 2017-11-07 [2018-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）. 
  9. ^ 涼山彝語語言概論（成都，1983年）

外部連結

Template:List of writing systems

取自「https://www.yunnanpedia.com/index.php?title=彝文&oldid=18418」
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